Question from Nguyen Huu Duc
A document - “inspection certificate” – for example, issued by the buyer's representative is often seen amongst documents required by the LC for aqua-product. This document can be created by the beneficiary.
Negotiating bank may negotiate LC without knowing that the document is false until it is informed by the issuing bank of the fraud. Like the Santander case, the bank negotiating false documents has to cope with the situation of receiving no reimbursement from the issuing bank.
I know once again after many fraud cases like Banco Santander case, like UCP 500, UCP 600 still has no articles dealing with frauds.
I would appreciate if LC specialists like T.O Lee, Jia Hao, Kim Christensen... have their opinions on this matter.
Best regards,
Nguyen Huu Duc
Answer from T.O Lee – FAE, MCIArb, MTTD
Position : Consultant
Contact : experts@tolee.com
I think this query on the Santander case risk for the nominated bank is outdated after 1 July 2007 when the UCP 600 takes over.
Now the nominated bank's risks are covered adequately under UCP 600 sub-articles 7 (c), 8 (c) &12 (b).
Having said that, we have to realize that these sub-articles only convey the well wishes of the UCP 600 drafting group. We still need to see the future court cases to ensure whether the above mentioned sub-articles are in fact workable or not in the courts of law globally. For USA practising UCC Article 5, there is no such problem. UK court decisionsin the future is what we should be looking forth.
However, I do see from the documentary credits that were sent by my retainer clients for comments that in some DCs subject to UCP 600, the above mentioned sub-articles are either modified or deleted to remove the risk of the issuing bank that pasts the buck back to the nominated bank. UCP 600 provides a default rule and it is up to the parties to determine their own fate where they have the freedom of contract.
As a consultant, I am more practical, compared with some scholars who are looking for best practices and a perfect trading world, do go to the kitchen and find out that the DC operation is like any commercial activities where the law of the jungle rules. So my concern is not UCP 600, contracts, legislations but rather whether you are a rabbit or a tiger. The tiger always makes the rules for the jungle, whether the rabbit likes it or not.
My job as a consultant is to help the rabbits to hide or run away from the tigers. A tiger does not need a consultant.
Curiously I was born in the year of the rabbit!
Best regards,
T.O.
Answer from Jia Hao
Position : Trade Finance Product Manager in Bank of China, Frankfurt BranchContact : yzih99@yahoo.com.cn
Regarding the query, I would like to say some points below:
- Because banks are only responsible to check documents’ compliance from their appearance, they can rarely find and point out documents are forged or fraudulent. However, it does not mean banks can disregard any documents which are apparently forged under international banking practice, or have been notified by others to be forged or fraudulent, because the implicit obligation of banks is to pay against ‘genuine’ conforming documents. So in the query the negotiating bank should clearly prove that it does not know the forgery without notice under international banking practice.
- The bank in the query should do under the authorization of the issuing bank. Otherwise it will do at its own risk. This point has been discussed deeply in the Santander case. UCP600 adds one more authorization from the issuing bank, that is, the nominated bank is authorised to prepay or purchase its acceptance or deferred payment undertaking, which is catering to the increasing financing business in order to accommodate international commerce and trade. Hence, the position of a nominated bank is crucial. Without being such position, a bank may not get better title than the beneficiary when it has paid against forged documents even in good faith without knowledgement.
- Therefore, in a nutshell, the bank in the query should check the documents under international documentary credit practice without knowledge of any fraud or fraudulent aspects involved, should be the nominated bank mentioned in the credit, and should do under the authorization of the issuing bank under international documentary credit practice. If so, the bank can be immune of fraud defense, namely it can be reimbursed from the issuing bank when it has already paid even in case a definite fraud has been clearly established.
Jia Hao
Answer from Kim Christensen
Position : TF Business & Product Specialist, NordeaContact : kim.christensen@nordea.com
The issue of fraud is considered a matter for local law. Therefore UCP does not deal with fraud.
That being said my view is as follows:
In fraud cases there is a risk that one of the involved banks will face a loss. The basic question one should ask is, who (which bank/part) should bear that risk.
I think it should be the issuing bank/applicant (mainly the applicant) that bears the risk of loss in fraud cases. This means that a nominated bank that has followed its nomination should be protected against fraud (if having acted in "good faith" - another concept not dealt with in the UCP).
As mentioned in the question there have been cases - like the Santander Case - where this has not been the result. My view is that this is because the UCP 500 apparently was not drafted strong enough on this point (many will no doubt disagree on this).
However in the UCP 600 considerable effort has been done in order to avoid cases like the Santander case - e.g. the inclusion of sub-article 12(b).
Best regards,
Kim Christensen